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Is Fine Silver Tableware Too Formal for Today’s Households?

Is Fine Silver Tableware Too Formal for Today's Households

One complaint often made about solid silver tableware is that it is old fashioned and no longer fits with our modern lifestyle.  The younger generation prefers apartments and houses with open floor plans and informal eating spaces.  This trend is reflected in the abandonment of formal dining rooms along with everything that used to populate them: fine china, crystal and yes, silver.

There is a grain of truth to this myth.  It is true that the modern lifestyle lends itself to informality.  But fine silver tableware fits into an informal or semi-formal setting far better than most expect.

I think a lot of people are intimidated by silver because grandma only got her good service out for special occasions.  And she would yell at you if you accidentally dropped your fork.  And she would hand wash every piece immediately after dinner.  And she would periodically polish it too.  You get the picture.  So it’s only natural that most people would view fine silver tableware as fragile and fussy formal dining-ware.

But the truth is rather different than grandma would have you believe.  Solid silver tableware is actually pretty tough stuff.  You can use it on a regular, even daily, basis and it will last for many, many decades, if not centuries.  It isn’t nearly as sensitive to mistreatment as the purists would claim.

For example, I regularly use a set of one dozen antique French silver-plated teaspoons from the late 19th century.  I had purchased them on a whim from an antique shop for about $30.  It seemed a waste to leave them buried in a closet, so I started using them daily.

I put them through the dishwasher along with all my other stainless steel utensils.  I never polish them – ever.  I often leave them in the sink along with other dirty dishes for most of the day, until I run the dishwasher later at night.  I even accidentally got one caught in the garbage disposal once.

Guess what?  My century old antique French silver-plated teaspoons look as good as the day I bought them.  Well, all of them except for the garbage disposal victim.  He ended up a bit mangled.  But the other silver spoons look great.  They never tarnish and are just as serviceable as my other, stainless steel flatware.  They look great at parties, regardless of whether those events are formal, semi-formal or completely informal.  And you haven’t really lived until you’ve eaten ice cream with a real, solid silver spoon.  It is an experience unlike any other – the very essence of luxury.

Now I can understand that there might be limitations to using fine silver tableware on a regular basis.  You probably want to reserve your English 18th century Hester Bateman sterling silver coffee set for special occasions only.  It would be too valuable for daily use.  But most sterling silver isn’t.  Most solid silver trades at modest to moderate premiums over its bullion value.  So if the worst happens and you absent-mindedly cram a piece or two into your garbage disposal it won’t be a great loss.

The world is full of jaw-droppingly gorgeous fine silver tableware that fits every taste and budget.  It would be a shame to abandon it to stuffy drawers or safety deposit boxes when you could be luxuriating in its elegance on a regular basis.  Antique silver tableware is durable, beautiful, functional and so much more stylish than pedestrian stainless steel.  Grandma might have only gotten out the good silver for holidays, but some rules were meant to be broken.

The Ethics of Elephant Ivory and Art

The Ethics of Elephant Ivory and Art

Ivory is one of the world’s great unsung treasures.  Its inviting warmth and tantalizing, organic texture is innately attractive, an obvious predecessor to the finer properties of today’s plastics.  Although elephants are the most well known source of the venerable material, ivory also originates from a variety of other animals, including hippos, narwhals, walruses and sperm whale.  Even ivory tusks from extinct woolly mammoths are still found and used today by fine craftsmen around the world.

While stunningly beautiful, ivory is also one of the most controversial materials commonly encountered in antiques.  Due to the rapidly shrinking populations of wild African and Asian elephants, ivory has become a focal point of international law enforcement.  Although possession of elephant ivory is generally not banned outright, trade in ivory or ivory items is heavily regulated by the global community.  In spite of the heavy web of laws and regulations surrounding the ivory industry, the poaching of elephants for their tusks has continued unabated.  In response to this development, many nations – including those as diverse as Kenya, Gabon, the Philippines, Hong Kong, China, France, Ethiopia, the Congo and the United States – have crushed, burned or otherwise destroyed previously seized stockpiles of illegal ivory.

Over the past 30 years more than 100 tons of illegally poached elephant ivory has been destroyed in this way.  Environmentalist and conservationists applaud this policy as a way to send a powerful, “zero-tolerance” message to would be poachers and dealers in illegal ivory.  Unfortunately, like many well-intentioned policy initiatives, it may also have more negative, unintended consequences.

First, destroying national elephant ivory stockpiles does not directly impact poachers or illegal dealers.  These two illicit groups only care about one thing: is the ivory they poach today salable?  Destroying existing ivory stockpiles doesn’t change the economic calculus of the situation one iota.  If anything, severely restricting the availability of elephant ivory only serves to elevate the cream-colored material to an almost mythical status.  This enhances its desirability to amoral consumers who are driven primarily by the social status that extreme rarity imparts.  Simply put, if poachers think they can find a buyer for ivory, they will kill more elephants.  Any illegal ivory that might be seized is simply written off as a loss – an acceptable part of doing business – by those operating illicitly.  The poacher or illegal dealer doesn’t care or even know if his previously seized ivory has been destroyed.

The second issue is the unspoken future artistic sacrifice that is made when national governments destroy elephant ivory stockpiles.  Ivory has been a recurring theme in exquisite sculpture, carvings, jewelry and musical instruments – not to mention countless other tangible arts – throughout human history.  Ivory is truly a physical cornerstone of humanity’s artistic expression as a species – an inherently amazing material which has been treasured by our ancestors for thousands of years.  Destroying ivory that has already been seized by national governments constitutes a pointless cultural holocaust.  Any ivory destroyed today is ivory our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will never get the opportunity to admire in a work of fine art.  Crushing our collective cultural patrimony doesn’t, ultimately, make the world a better place.  It doesn’t even save any elephants.  Instead we become collectively poorer, both culturally and spiritually, when elephant tusks are burned upon the pyre of international pressure to “do something”.

Let’s peer 50 to 100 years into the future.  Although I sincerely hope I am wrong, in all probability both Asian and African elephants will be extinct in the wild.  National governments will have proven unable to stop the extermination of elephants because poaching is driven primarily by human poverty in elephant habitats.  In other words, as long as sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia are economically poor, people there will poach to augment their incomes.  As a result, elephant ivory will have become an incredibly rare and highly coveted material.  Instead of feeding tons of seized ivory into the grinder, countries could have sequestered these precious ivory stockpiles in secure locations like Swiss underground bank vaults.

In this probable, dystopian future, poaching is no longer an issue – all the wild elephants are already gone.  Therefore, these official, state-approved elephant ivory stockpiles could be quite legally and ethically sold.  This would grant an economic boon – perhaps for further conservation of other species or elephant repopulation efforts – to the nations that once harbored these magnificent tusked beasts while also providing the art world with a ready source of a gorgeous and rare luxury material.  Instead of this more reasonable outcome, I fear all the world will end up with will be crushed ivory dust, extinct elephants and, of course, bitter regrets.

Of Karat Gold and Noble Nuclei

Of Karat Gold and Noble Nuclei

Gold is omnipresent in the world of investment-grade art.  Serious connoisseurs of art and antiques frequently encounter items made either partially or entirely from gold.  This isn’t surprising considering gold is a premier luxury material.  The yellow precious metal has been lavishly used in everything from high-end jewelry to luxury watches to vintage fountain pens to breathtaking objets d’art.

Gold purity in jewelry and other antiques is usually measured in karats, with 24 karats representing pure gold.  Gold alloys commonly encountered are 18 karat (75%) gold, 14 karat (58.3%) gold and 10 karat (41.67%) gold.  In addition to the aforementioned alloys, British antiques and jewelry can sometimes be 22 karat (91.67%) gold, 15 karat (62.5%) gold or 9 karat (37.5%) gold.

Now a question that we might naturally ask ourselves as investors in antiques is which of these alloys is acceptable and which aren’t?  At what point is a gold alloy too diluted to qualify as “investment-grade” anymore?  The short answer is “the point where the gold alloy stops acting like gold.”  In other words, how low can one descend the karat ladder before your gold alloy becomes vulnerable to corrosion and tarnish?  Another important factor is that low purity gold alloys have difficulty achieving an intense, true gold color.

In order to determine a reasonable lower bound for acceptable gold purity, we need to understand a basic, fundamental law of gold alloys that is not widely known.  A gold alloy’s corrosion resistance is closely related to the percentage of gold atoms it contains.  The higher that percentage, the more the alloy will behave like pure gold.

Any other precious metal atoms in the alloy (usually silver, although palladium is sometimes an alloying agent in white gold) also help enhance corrosion resistance, although not to the extent that gold does.  Precious metals are sometimes referred to as the noble metals because of their chemical inertness.  Therefore, we want a gold alloy to not only have a high percentage of gold atoms, but also a high percentage of noble metal atoms – aka noble nuclei.

So, even though we know the percentage of our alloy that is gold by weight, this isn’t the information we need.  We must convert this proportion by weight to proportion by number of atoms.  Luckily, we can derive this information with a bit of math and science, assuming we know all the constituents of the alloy in question.  The formula we’re going to use for this is below:

 

Number of Atoms = (Percentage of Element in Alloy x Avogadro’s Constant)/Atomic Weight of Element

 

Avogadro’s number (6.022141527 × 10^23) allows us to estimate the number of atoms, molecules or ions in any substance provided we know its mass and molecular or atomic weight.  To make this calculation work we also need to know the atomic weights of metals commonly found in yellow gold alloys for our calculations.  However, in this case, we can ignore mass because we only care about the ratio of gold to its other alloying constituents.

Now if we plug the various numbers for a typical 18 karat yellow gold alloy (75% gold, 12.5% silver and 12.5% copper by weight) into the formula above we get the number of atoms each element contributes to the alloy.  Then, using a little more simple math we find the relative proportion of each element in the alloy in terms of number of atoms present, instead of by weight, which is how alloys are usually represented.

In this case, our 18 karat yellow gold alloy is composed of 54.92% gold atoms, 16.71% silver atoms and 28.37% copper atoms.  The noble nuclei (gold and silver) together are fully 71.63%.  The very high percentage of noble nuclei – and gold nuclei in particular – give this alloy excellent corrosion resistance and a rich, deep gold color.

You may have noticed that the proportion of any element’s atoms is inversely correlated to its atomic weight.  In other words, very large atoms – like gold – tend to contribute fewer atoms to an alloy than their percentage by weight in the alloy would suggest.  Conversely, smaller atoms – like copper – will contribute more atoms to the alloy than their percentage by weight would imply.

Now let’s make the same calculations using a typical 14 karat yellow gold alloy consisting of 58.3% gold, 12% silver, 19.7% copper and 10% zinc by weight.  The percentage of gold atoms contained in this 14 karat yellow gold allow has now declined to 34.01% while the noble nuclei have dropped to 46.80%.  This 14 karat gold alloy, although possessing slightly less desirable properties than its 18 karat gold counterpart, will still have good corrosion resistance and a pleasing yellow-gold color.

Let’s try this one more time, this time using a typical 9 karat yellow gold alloy composed of 37.5% gold, 10% silver, 45% copper and 7.5% zinc by weight.  The percentage of gold atoms has declined precipitously to 17.22% in this 9 karat yellow gold alloy.  Even the level of noble nuclei has dramatically fallen to 25.60%.  This gold alloy will be inferior, with poor corrosion resistance and a pale, washed out yellow color.

Once a gold alloy declines below 30% to 35% gold atoms or 35% to 40% noble nuclei, it starts to look and behave much more like its constituent base metals than gold.  This transition occurs right around the 14 karat mark.

Once a gold alloy dips below this level, even to just 12 karats, its physical properties rapidly deteriorate.  Lower karat gold alloys like 9 or 10 karat are simply lost causes.  No matter how you manipulate their component elements, it’s impossible to get an alloy that has good color and good corrosion resistance.

The conclusion is clear: only buy 14 karat gold or better jewelry for investment purposes; avoid anything lower.  This sage advice is echoed by the quality distribution apparent in fine jewelry as well.

18 karat gold alloys and above have traditionally been exclusively restricted for use in very high quality jewelry.  14 and 15 karat gold is the middle ground, where workmanship can vary tremendously, ranging from mediocre to excellent.  Lower karat gold alloys – like 9 and 10 karat gold – have traditionally been reserved for mass-produced items with little regard for quality.

The Timeless Appeal of Bronze

The Timeless Appeal of Bronze

If gold is the king of metals and silver its lesser sibling, then that leaves bronze as the red-headed stepchild – an also ran in the world of fine materials.  And yet the simple, unpretentious beauty of bronze is irresistible.  There is something subtly magical about the soft glow of bronze.  Its warm patina – only fully developing over the course of many decades – comes in captivating shades ranging from deep chocolate brown to rich verdant green to velvety powder blue.

Bronze is copper mixed with approximately 12% tin.  The resulting alloy is far superior to pure copper, with greater hardness and corrosion resistance.  In addition to these enhanced properties, bronze is renowned for both its ductility and ease of casting.

When the proportion of tin used in the alloy is raised to 20%, bronze acquires highly desirable resonant qualities.  This makes it the perfect material for bells, cymbals or other musical instruments.

Because of these many virtues, bronze has been an indispensable companion to humanity ever since its discovery in the Near East during the 4th millennia BC.  Both ancient and modern men have used it for myriad purposes – everything from deadly weapons, to corrosion-resistant fittings on oceangoing vessels, to stunning sculptures.

Bronze has been the preeminent metal for art throughout history.  Unlike costly precious metals, bronze is inexpensive enough for the artist to use generously, in whatever way he sees fit.  Bronze features prominently in art of all kinds – sculptures, architectural ornamentation, religious icons and innumerable others.

Whether it is a pre-revolution 18th century French candelabra, a stately mid 20th century address plaque, or the pulls on an early 19th century Federal style walnut slant-front desk, bronze bewitches us with its mellow allure.  Bronze beckons to us across the ages, tempting us to delight in its restrained, yet beguiling charms.

Bronze has always been used when a finer, more corrosion-resistant material was desired.  The modern age, with its ubiquitous use of cheap electroplating and hideous plastics, has helped reinvent bronze from a utilitarian metal into a borderline luxury material.  The golden metal possesses an understated ambiance which is largely absent from modern design.  No wonder its appeal is timeless.